The Role of Christianity in Reinforcing Racial Hierarchies in the United States

Abstract

This article employs a sociological lens to critically examine the historical, institutional, and theological relationships between Christianity and White supremacy in the United States. Arguing that race is a socially constructed system embedded within American institutions, it explores how religion—specifically Christianity—has functioned as a key legitimizing institution in the maintenance of systemic racism. Christian theological frameworks have often reinforced racial hierarchies, moralized Whiteness, and sanctioned exclusionary social norms that marginalize non-White populations. This study is a literature review that serves as a reminder of the power of religion, and particularly Christianity, to establish and reinforce racial hierarchies. Today, this reminder is more warranted than ever. The study further investigates how institutional Christianity has actively participated in shaping and sustaining racialized structures within the housing system, especially homeownership. Simultaneously, the article juxtaposes these sociological insights with an exegetical analysis of biblical scriptures that affirm the inherent value, equality, and divine purpose of all human beings. Through scriptural texts, the study highlights a counter-narrative within Christianity that upholds human dignity and spiritual equality. Moreover, it reflects on the symbolic use of light and darkness in Genesis and the theological portrayal of Lucifer's fall and role as a deceiver to underscore the complexities of religious interpretation. The article seeks to reconcile the dissonance between Christianity’s foundational egalitarian ideals and its historical complicity in racial oppression, contributing to the broader sociological discourse on religion, race, and institutional power.